Varicocele (VC) is a common male urological and reproductive system disease, characterized by abnormal dilation, elongation, and tortuosity of the plexus of veins within the spermatic cord. The incidence rate of this disease is relatively high among young and middle-aged men, accounting for 10%~15% of the normal male population, and also quite high among infertile men, about 19%~41%.

Symptom manifestations

The typical symptoms of varicocele include discomfort, pain, or discomfort in the scrotum, which can radiate to the perineum, lower abdomen, or waist. Symptoms may worsen after prolonged standing or walking fatigue, but may alleviate after lying flat. In addition, it may also be accompanied by symptoms such as neurasthenia, sexual dysfunction (such as decreased libido, premature ejaculation, impotence, etc.), testicular atrophy, inguinal hernia, lower limb varicose veins, and hydrocele.

Etiology and classification

The etiology and pathogenesis of varicocele are not fully understood, but may be related to congenital factors (such as fewer elastic fibers in the vein wall or congenital dysplasia of the vein wall) and acquired factors (such as poor valve structure, venous reflux disorders, etc.). According to the etiology, it can be divided into primary and secondary types, with primary varicocele being more common.

Latest treatment methods

The treatment methods for varicocele mainly include general treatment, medication treatment, and surgical treatment:

General treatment: including lifestyle and dietary adjustments, such as quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption, maintaining a light diet, strengthening exercise, avoiding prolonged sitting, standing, and carrying heavy loads. Physical therapies such as cooling therapy or scrotal support can also be used to alleviate symptoms.

Drug therapy: Drug therapy is usually used for patients with mild symptoms or those who are unwilling to undergo surgery. Commonly used drugs include saponins, flavonoids, etc. These drugs have anti-inflammatory, anti exudative, and protective effects on collagen fibers in the vein wall, and can improve blood circulation in the spermatic cord and testes. In addition, for patients with local pain and discomfort, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen can be used.

Surgical treatment: For patients with severe symptoms, abnormal semen quality, or fertility issues, surgical treatment is the main treatment method. Surgical methods include traditional open surgery, laparoscopic surgery, and microscopic varicocele ligation. Among them, microsurgical varicocele ligation is widely used due to its minimal trauma, low recurrence rate, and few complications.

In summary, the treatment method for varicocele should be selected according to the specific situation of the patient to achieve the best treatment effect.